Ammonium nitrate is the nitrate salt of the ammonium cation (NH4NO3, sometimes written as N2H4O3) that is a white crystal solid and is highly soluble in water. From most active (most easily oxidized) to least active: Now use the above results to write products for the reactions below. the FGAN pile in the main bin and possibly in an adjoining bin linked to the main bin through a series of Side note: ammonium nitrate can decompose by mechanical shock, so there were enough conditions to trigger the second powerful blast. As this is nitrogens lowest known oxidation state, it cannot act as an oxidising agent but it can act as a reducing agent see for example the Ostwald process in which ammonia (also in the $\mathrm{-III}$ oxidation state) is burned in an oxygen atmosphere ultimately leading to nitric acid. Beirut explosion: What is ammonium nitrate and how dangerous is it? FGAN. From: Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition), 2005, P.S. WebWhen ammonium nitrite (NH4NO2) is heated, it decomposes to give nitrogen gas. WebNH 4 NO 3 N 2 + O 2 + H 2 O. major increase in heat radiation inside the fertilizer building because of increased oxygen availability to Type of Chemical Reaction: For this reaction we have a decomposition reaction. However, it is a strong oxidizing agent that can detonate under certain conditions such as temperature, fire, confinement, and presence of impurities (e.g., $\ce{KCl}$), which can be act as a promoter to detonate (Ref.2). What are the physical properties of ammonium nitrite? Clays are composed of plate-like crystalline units that are laminated to form individual particles. This means there is exactly enough oxygen present to completely oxidize the contained fuel, but none left over to react with the contained nitrogen. A typical application of N to an arable crop in spring, at the beginning of the rapid crop growth period, might be 100200kgNha1, but usually divided into two or more portions. Anything in the vicinity can become fuel, especially if a fire is already in progress. decomposition reactions of FGAN can only be assumed. Production of ammonium nitrate is the largest single end use for nitric acid and has ranked 10th to 12th in volume of all inorganic chemicals produced in both Canada and the Unites States over the last 20years (Table 11.10). produced oxidizing gases, and those mixed with flammable smoke to produce a detonable gas cloud over Thermodynamic properties of substances. Exchange Reactions (also called Double Replacement or Metathesis Reactions) occur when two compounds that form ions in solution react by switching ion partners. The Pennsylvania State University. Report a Problem. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 17 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/StructParents 0>> NH 4 NO 3: molecular weight = 80.05 g/mol CH 2: molecular weight = 14.03 g/mol The ideal mixture, i.e., the oxygen-balanced mixture, consists of 3 moles of ammonium nitrate and one mole of fuel oil. WebAmmonium nitrate melts at 337 deg F (170 deg C) and begins to undergo decomposition when molten. $$\ce {NH4NO3 -> [t >230 ^\circ C] N2O + 2H2O}$$ (3 marks) Ques. Another source of dust is bagging and bulk loading, mostly during final filling when dust-laden air is displaced from bags. It will also explode more readily if contaminated or mixed with combustible materials such as fuel oil, the latter known as ANFO. Continuing with this example: we know that the blasters will have a scale on the mixing truck and they will have a cup, which they will use to do a cup density check. High concentrations of nitrate in surface waters can lead to eutrophication (the sudden enrichment of natural waters with excess nutrients which can lead to the development of algal blooms and other vegetation). In its pure form, ammonium nitrate isnt usually explosive in fact, its safe to handle. WebAmmonium nitrate | NH4NO3 or H4N2O3 | CID 22985 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. Examples are shown in Figures 5-7. Combine about 5 mL each of 6 M sodium hydroxide and 6 M sulfuric acid in a large test tube. Rao, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), 2014. As an example, potassium chlorate decomposes when heated to yield potassium chloride and oxygen gas. the surface of the FGAN pile. ANFO versus Emulsion The surface of the Jumpthrow bind. This happens to be the highest oxidation state nitrogen is found in in stable compounds; high oxidation states of electronegative atoms tend to be unstable and react as oxidising agents (see also perchlorate $\ce{ClO4-}$ with chlorine in the $\mathrm{+VII}$ oxidation state, for which a similar argument can be made). The exploded $\ce{NH4NO3}$ was coated with (carbon based) wax to prevent caking (See equation $(8)$ above). The %N from ammonium sulfate is determined by multiplying the percentage ammonium sulfate by 0.212. Webat ~23% ammonium nitrate decomposition; and at 230oC at 14%. The clay particle essentially becomes an anion and is the inner layer. Record your observations on the data page as you complete each reaction. More powerful, or simply easier to detonate, or both? The ability of one metal to displace another depends on their relative ease of oxidationa more active metal (one that is more easily oxidized) displaces a less active metal. holes cut in the partition between the bins. Section 4.2 outlines general contributing factors. They will compare that weight to the weight that they have been given as the specified weight. Using the VSEPR theory and the diagrams above, -state and explain the geometries of the NH 4 + and NO 3 ions shown. WebThermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate occurs >200 C. Carbonates, Chromates and Phosphates are insoluble. For those where a reaction is expected, write a balanced formula equation, with state labels, for the reaction that occurs. Ammonium nitrate is composed of two polyatomic ions identify the different type(s) of bonding within its structure. Most reactions take place on surfaces adjacent to soil pores. Scenario 3: Detonation in elevator pit that spread to main FGAN bin. In each case one of the products results by combining two ions that are removed from the solution by the reaction. WebWhen ammonium nitrite (NH4NO2) is heated, it decomposes to give nitrogen gas. expected when FGAN undergoes thermal decompositionsuch as NO2, O2, and HNO3 as wells as fuelrich smoke and pyrolysis products off-gassing from the molten FGAN. $$\ce{NH4NO3 -> N2O + 2H2O } \quad \Delta H = \pu{-59 kJ/mol} \tag3$$, $$\ce{NH4NO3 -> 1/2N2 + NO + 2H2O } \quad \Delta H = \pu{-2597 kJ/mol} \tag4$$, $$\ce{NH4NO3 -> 3/4N2 + 1/2NO2 + 2H2O } \quad \Delta H = \pu{-944 kJ/mol} \tag5$$, $$\ce{2NH4NO3 -> 2N2 + O2 + 4H2O } \quad \Delta H = \pu{-1057 kJ/mol} \tag6$$, $$\ce{8NH4NO3 -> 5N2 + 4NO + 2NO2 + 16H2O } \quad \Delta H = \pu{-600 kJ/mol} \tag7$$. | Socratic. The blame for the explosion has been directed at 3,000 tons of ammonium nitrate that was being stored in a warehouse in Beiruts port. WebNH 4 NO 3 N 2 + O 2 + H 2 O. Without fuel oil, can be detonated under certain conditions. the burning wood and other fuels. Soil chemical reactions are largely driven by the oxide and hydroxides available on these surfaces (Brady and Weil, 2007). and roofing material might have mixed with the FGAN pile. Examples and descriptions of each reaction type appear in the following section. [ Check the balance ] The thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate to produce nitrogen, water and oxygen. Paul N. Cheremisinoff P.E., D.E.E.Professor, in Waste Minimization and Cost Reduction for the Process Industries, 1995. Falls, S.A. Siegel, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition), 2005. Are there conventions to indicate a new item in a list? NH 4 NO 3 : molecular weight = 80.05 g/mol. Give a balanced equation for the decomposition reaction. The heat of reaction is utilized for evaporation and 8083% ammonium nitrate solution is obtained. This is a requirement the equation must satisfy to be consistent with the law of conservation of matter. We will assume that the industrial-grade ammonium nitrate and fuel oilhave the following densities: 53 lb/ft3 for the ammonium nitrate and 8.0 lb/gal for the fuel oil. A small-scale but important use of ammonium nitrate is for the preparation of inhalation grade nitrous oxide for use as an anaesthetic. Solid ammonium nitrate decomposes on heating. Using the VSEPR theory and the diagrams above, -state and explain the geometries of the NH 4 + and NO 3 ions shown. How can you estimate this volume? This is at the core of your question. Use a test tube holder to hold the tube at about a 45, 0.1 M silver nitrate and 0.1 M sodium chloride, 0.1 M nickel(II) nitrate and three drops of 6 M sodium hydroxide, 0.1 M lead(II) nitrate and 0.1 M potassium chromate. the bottom of the pit. Why we would we want to do that? Under certain conditions, phosphorus can be bound to clay surfaces. gases like nitrogen oxides. This concentrated solution is further concentrated to obtain 9294% solution in a vacuum concentrator. Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover? It decomposes at 230oC producing nitrous oxide gas (N 2 O) and water vapour. When Al3+ replaces Si4+ in the tetrahedral layer, the trivalent ion will result in a net negative charge. WebWhen ammonium nitrite (NH4NO2) is heated, it decomposes to give nitrogen gas. 3. Dissolved cations form an outer layer around the clay surface (Hiemenz, 1986). So from section 4.2, contributing factors (FGAN = fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate): In fire situations, the behavior of FGAN is unpredictable, in part because of the number of endothermic All explosives applications rely on the large volume of gas released on vigorous detonation of the ammonium nitrate component (Eq. Todays news has been dominated by the terrible explosion in Beirut, Lebanon. 2. You should definitely read the report; my brief summary below leaves a lot of relevant analysis out. Hold a small strip of magnesium metal (used in flashbulbs and fireworks) in your crucible tongs and ignite the metal in the hot portion of a burner flame. This fire further accelerated the reaction, further heating the remaining ammonium nitrate to the point of detonation and that's when ammonium nitrate exploded instantaneously releasing tremendous amount of energy which send shockwaves around the site along with a white mushroom shaped cloud (from @DDuck's comment) which could probably be nitrogen and/or water vapours where the humid air (water vapor laden air) condensed due to the explosion(@StianYttervik) with release of nitrogen. Biological fates for nitrate include its assimilation by plants and microorganisms and its use in the anaerobic, reductive processes discussed next. In the context of Beirut explosion, the question that raised was "when did ammonium nitrate reached detonation temperature, and why did it suddenly explode?". The solubility of the substances. Balancing Strategies: In this decomposition reaction, NH4NO3 is breaking apart (decomposing) into N2 + O2 + H2O. endobj Appearance or disappearance of distinct separation between two or more liquids. Heating also poses a danger: ammonium nitrate decomposes at around 230C, and can explode when heated to between 260300C if its confined. Evolution of heatnoted as a temperature increase. Method 1 determines the percentage of ammonium nitrate by reacting formaldehyde with ammonium nitrate, which produces nitric acid. You might have wonder what caused the plume of smoke seen after the explosion in Beirut to have an orange-red colour. If no reaction occurs, follow the instructions in the Procedure. ANFO versus Emulsion What does a search warrant actually look like? Webat ~23% ammonium nitrate decomposition; and at 230oC at 14%. Legal. Nitrates and nitrites are used to cure meats and to develop the characteristic flavor and pink color, to prevent rancidity, and to prevent growth of Clostridium botulinum spores in or on meats. It is very, very conceivable that the AN became both heated enough and contaminated enough during this time to detonate. If no reaction is expected, indicate this and explain why no reaction is expected. The following reactions are performed, and the results are shown below. Hazardous scenarios with ammonium nitrate can involve simple thermal decomposition initiated by external fire or other heating, self-sustained decomposition also known as "cigar burning," and detonation. For our purposes here, lets assume that the density of this mix is 6.68 lb/gal. Ions of similar size (atomic radii) can substitute for the silicon ion in the tetrahedral layer and for the aluminum in the octahedral layer (Essington, 2004). salts, carbons, acids, fibers, and sulfides. 3. Give a balanced equation for the decomposition reaction. Write a balanced formula equation with state labels for each reaction. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? It's hard to imagine something worse than the explosion I saw in videos, but I wonder what the difference would have been if it were combined with fuel oil? What are the other chemical substances that are formed in the process of making ammonium nitrite? One reason that ammonium nitrate is so explosive is that it contains in the same molecule both a fuel, in the form of the ammonium ion, and a strong oxygen- producing agent, nitrate. The very hot and contaminated surface of the pile was then sensitive to When contaminants are added to AN, the Thus, soils are also depleted of cations when nitrate is leached. 2NH 4 NO 3 2N 2 + 4H 2 O + O 2. Be sure to mix the solutions well. In some cases, solutions may be blended for marketing as liquid fertilizers. Ammonium (NH4+) has a positive charge and is an exchangeable cation. In addition, the added mass of the derivative moves the molecular ion from m/z = 17/18 for NH3+ and NH4+ to m/z = 74, 62 and 44 for the parent ion and fragments of the butyl chloroformate-derivatized ammonia.18 This moves the molecular ion away from interference from water that would produce peaks due to OH+ at m/z = 17 and H2O+ at m/z = 18. FGAN, covered with soot or molten asphalt, would absorb the heat flux and cause a very rapid heating of 3. Microprills can form and clog orifices, increasing fine dust loading and emissions. This is a requirement the equation must satisfy to be consistent with the law of conservation of matter. Nitrate may be a limiting condition for determining the area needed for soil absorption. It is classified as an oxidizer and will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. Why does Jesus turn to the Father to forgive in Luke 23:34? (4 marks) Ques. Whilst this can be useful for nitrate coming from fertilizer, the impact of inhibitors on overall nitrate loss is likely to be small because it is nitrate derived from the mineralization of soil organic matter that is usually the main source. One reason that ammonium nitrate is so explosive is that it contains in the same molecule both a fuel, in the form of the ammonium ion, and a strong oxygen- producing agent, nitrate. In the case of ideal mix, the products of the reaction, in addition to the energy that is not shown, are water vapor, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Overall agronomic experiments show only small differences in crop utilization of N from urea compared with nitrate-containing fertilizers. Carefully add several spatulas of solid sodium bicarbonate. Then place the elements gold, hydrogen, zinc and tin in an activity series in order of decreasing activity. Monovalent ions such as sodium and potassium have a larger effective radius and can be exchanged for the smaller divalent cations. Remove the tube from the flame and quickly and cautiously note the smell. 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