One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state government began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. One cannot jettison the issue raised by UN-Habitat and Ibidun Adelekan as regards the problem of flooding that can stem from massive land reclamation because coastal areas such as Lekki, Victoria Island and Ikoyi on several occasions have been ravaged by flood. Luloff, James By Jamilah Mohd Salim, Maizatul Azwa Radzi, Sheriza M IntechOpen Limited In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. Sand filling of the coasts lead to the burial of millions of species. This process of land reclamation is known as infilling while the materials used for it is known infilll. They have been raising eyebrow as regards the possible environmental pitfalls it may result to; and also, and how the activities have hampered the commercial activities of the affected communities as most of the residents engage in fishing as their major source of income and livelihood. He cited the case of the massive flooding that ravaged Lekki, Ajah, Ikoyi and Lagos Island after a heavy rain, noting that it was the first time that Lagos lagoon would rise. Former mangrove forest that was converted to sand fill in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Agricultural activities such as rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon in swampy coastal locations [14]. The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. Landscape reclamation is. mangrove wetlands. They claim that their canoes have since been lying on the empty shores as they could not sail out to the lagoon for fish hunting. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. Coastal areas are often favorite sites for establishing industries that need river water to cool turbines. This situation thus necessitated the reclamation of coastal areas to create more space for human habitation. roads, buildings, industries and parks. This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. Thus, village land would be held in trust and apportioned by the chief. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. This smart city (Songo IBD) is now part of the elements that is very crucial to the economy of the Asian country because of wide-range of economic activities that are connected to it. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. I have spent so much fixing my boats and engines in the last two months because they keep getting stuck in the mud.. The Niger Delta is found in the southern part of Nigeria and borders the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1). On the Ejigbo development, Dr. Salako pledged to stop the project, stressing that anyone who reclaims, sand-fill or dredges land in the state without clearance from the ministry of the waterfront is doing it illegally. The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. Land reclamation in the Niger Delta passes through five phases, which in all ramifications affect the environment. Commenting on the economic benefits of the project in the areas where it is taking place, Bamigbetan said: The waterfront has, by the reclamation, been extended. Ben Ayade for allowing a level playing field at the Cross River North senatorial election of Feb. 25. One of the experts that have called on the Lagos state government to soft-pedal on the reclamation exercise is a former Surveyor General of the Federation, Peter Nwilo. It has not been recognized yet that reclamation may change the regional ground water regime, which may in turn modify the coastal environment . Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). It is the returning of lands to an improved state. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. Physical land covers all the earth including land surface, sub-surface, under water and super surface (atmosphere). This is a list of selected cities, towns, and other populated places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by state. The white patches sum up to give a total of 4.2 million m2 of mangroves removed in 1984. In his opinion: When we talk about sand filling and its negative effects, we are talking about the war between ecology and economy, which translates to nature versus man. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] 5 Princes Gate Court, Increased turbidity leads to the blockage of light beyond water surface, thus hampering photosynthetic activities below the water surface such as the benthic region. A combination of these activities leads to the acidification of the river causing fish deaths and physiological and reproductive problems of numerous marine organisms. I see nothing wrong in sand filling or perhaps reclaiming land from the sea. In 2014, an area measuring 100m50m was dredged and sand filled. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. An example is a construction project such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed coastal areas e.g. This is because such activities lead to the clearing of the mangrove forest and other coastal vegetation. In a classical case of land recuperation after landscape reclamation at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, recruitment occurred through natural process within a space of 13years. Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. An example of this pattern of landscape reclamation is found in a place called Eagle Island, Niger Delta where the mangrove forests were cut down and sand filled and later the area was used for developmental project (Figure 6). Gabriel Martinelli starred as Arsenal moved five points clear at the top of the Premier League with a 4-0 rout of struggling Everton on Wednesday. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. Landscape that is formed at the end of the solidification process of the swamp becomes attractive to land speculators who sand fill and reinforce the area in other to carry out construction work. Almost every coastal area in the Niger Delta has had one abandoned project or the other, one of which is sand dump. But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. Advertisement The tender for the. 86 of 1992, which guides such projects. In 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of its national territory . Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. An example is the establishment of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Bonny Island in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Nevertheless, land utilization is influenced by nature and characteristics of soil, soil moisture and temperature, topography and land location, flora, fauna and climate. In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. It involves human beings because they are the ones that cause problems for biodiversity. The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region. An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. 2020 The Author(s). Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nation's commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. Along the coast, the average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. More than a thousand acres of land was to be created by building a seawall more than 6km in length with. Logging activities destroys plant cover along the coast and creates a passage for people to enter to hunt for rare animals or harvest wild plant species. Speaking on the Oworonsoki land reclamation exercise, Commissioner for Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Ade Akinsanya said that the project would add immense economic values to the state. The Great Wall of Lagos will ensure that everyone living and working within the 10 square kilometres (6.2 miles) of reclaimed land for Eko Atlantic and the population of Victoria Island are protected from the sea, Frame assured. These areas are naturally covered with water during high tides, but are filled with soil and consolidated to prevent tidal flooding during high tide. It is business on the part of those doing it because poor people dont benefit from the houses being built on the reclaimed land. More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. The implication of these landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests lead to a colossal loss of ecosystem services to the environment. The gigantic project, like others, is being done as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between Lagos state government and Orange Island Development Company (OIDC). For indigenous vacations in Nigeria, Calabar is often the first location that comes to mind, hence why it's among the most beautiful cities in Nigeria. Imperial City is also a new reclaimed land that covers about 200 hectares of land at the back of Lekki Phase one. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. During canalization, earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil. Colombo is a wetland city at heart - but Sri Lankans need reminding too often, says ChethikaGunasiri, an environmental scientist with the Wetland Management Division of Sri Lanka's Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. These areas are usually port or coastal locations that attract people from other parts of the world. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nations commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. The attractiveness of the coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher . We use various techniques to reclaim land and protect shorelines using our state-of-the-art fleet of dredging vessels and specialized equipment. (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. The provisions of the EIA Act No. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. The city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. 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