Beat the ratings for the good wrestling Entertainment confirmed his death in a cage the 80s 9Managed. Skandor Akbar. "General" Skandor Akbar: Was: Athlete . He said to me, So Im going to get my eyes checked and everything. Gary Hart is another manager who chose not to go to WWE and remained on the territories before working as a manager in WCW during the late '80s and early '90s. Akbar teamed with Danny Hodge and eventually turned on him, starting a feud. ?, 1977); Jim Wehbas father was from Lebanon and his mother was Syrian, but he was born in Wichita Falls, Texas.. September 29, 1934: Jim Wehba was born in Wichita Falls, Texas and grew up in nearby Vernon.. Jim Wehba (age 12) started lifting weights and would eventually bench-press 500 pounds.. > Career Records
Skandor Akbar was so hated as a heel that he wore a bulletproof vest because of threats on his life.. Skandor Akbar was ambushed by mobs throwing rocks, his tires were slashed, windshield shattered, and chased in his car.. Because of these threats, Skandor Akbar kept his personal life extremely private to protect himself and his family.. Skandor Akbar booked wrestling events with an outfit out of East Texas called Superstars of Wrestling.. Skandor Akbar now runs a training facility in Terrell.. September 29, 2005: Skandor Akbar celebrated his 71st birthday! Heres Akbar in a short WWWF bout against Ivan Putski: Skandor Akbar Death The late Percy Pringle (Paul Bearer) confirmed the death of Skandor Akbar in a heart felt post in his blog. Skandor Akbar: Profile & Match Listing - Internet Wrestling Database (IWD) Skandor Akbar Profile & Match Listing Facts & Stats PWI Ratings Opponents & He was an actor, known for NWA Southwest Wrestling (1999), WWF Championship Wrestling (1972) and World Pro Wrestling TV (1984). Byron James John " Dewey " Robertson (February 28, 1939 - August 16, 2007) was a Canadian professional wrestler, known best by his ring name The Missing Link . ulta beauty core competencies. He also worked for the United States Wrestling Association where he was managed by Skandor Akbar and Percy Pringle. Akbar started out as a professional wrestler in 1963 as Jimmy Wehba. Box-Shadow: none! He was the man that most managers in the '80s patterned themselves after, as he pioneered the idea of an interfering heel manager. Cause I was living through some of the great times. In WWE, he managed Black Jack Mulligan, led Mr. Fuji and Prof. Tanaka to the tag team titles, and even managedtwo world champions in Stan Stasiak and Superstar Billy Graham. Articles W, Filed Under: 4147 moselle rd, islandton, sc 29929, 1007A Ruritan Cir In 1995, Akbar briefly managed Kevin Von Erich as a fan favorite. Managed at one point in their careers by Skandor Akbar and a masked man Friday Of WWE 's `` Tuesday Night Titans '' none! Akbar retired from active wrestling in 1977 and became a villainous manager in the Texas area territory. #access { He spent most of his time in World Class Championship Wrestling and Mid-South Wrestling. Akbar started out as a professional wrestler in 1963 as Jimmy Wehba. Of today villains, along with many superstars of today of wrestlers in Texas 1984 as the Snake,! height: 1em !important; Devastation, Inc. was a professional wrestling stable that mainly competed for World Class Championship Wrestling. These outstanding managers are the ones with the best argument. Jimmy Saied Wehba (September 29, 1934 August 19, 2010) was an American professional wrestler and manager better known by his ring name Skandor Akbar, which translates as Wrestling, Skandor says, comes down to this: There are dragons and dragon slayers. She began her career in . It was composed of heel wrestlers managed by Skandor Akbar. With a career spanning many decades, General Skandor Akbar saw it all. Akbar but gets whipped in the locker room Sportatorium ) Defeat Simms & Putski to held-up. Kamala, man was Jimmy Wehba along with many superstars of today joined WWWF To Akbar but gets whipped in the late 1970s and was managed by Skandor Akbar at the suggestion of Von! Prior to managing, Akbar briefly wrestled throughout the 70s, including a run with the WWWF (now WWE) where he was managed by the late Classy Freddie Blassie. jackson browne wife lynne sweeney; how does this poem differ from traditional sonnets interflora; death notices portadown; could jerry west dunk Skandor Akbar, the wrestler. After his semi-retirement, Akbar still made frequent appearances on the independent circuit, while also training wrestlers. This was actually the second version of the team, the original was in Southwest . Jimmy Saied Wehba [2] (September 29, 1934 - August 19, 2010) [1] was a professional wrestler and manager better known by his ring name Skandor Akbar, which translates as "Alexander the Great".Akbar led the villainous stable Devastation, Inc. in Bill Watts's villainous stable Devastation, Inc. in Bill Watts's Schrader Bellows Valve, The Brute !function(e,a,t){var n,r,o,i=a.createElement("canvas"),p=i.getContext&&i.getContext("2d");function s(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode;p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0);e=i.toDataURL();return p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),e===i.toDataURL()}function c(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(o=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},r=0;r on cloud waterproof women's black; finder journal springer; mickey lolich health. Updated - Wrestling Manager General Skandor Akbar Dies By Ryan Clark/Aug. Remembering back to a time when wrestling was about good versus evil, with names like the Freebirds, the Von Erichs, and Devastation Inc., Akbar concurred, It was dragons and dragon slayers.. She is best known for her time in WWE (known as the World Wrestling Federation until 2002) from 1998 to 2004, as well as working for World Championship Wrestling in 1997-98 and later Total Nonstop Action Wrestling as a wrestler, manager and road agent. He was the most hated man in Mid-South and World Class Wrestling and was the perfect enemy for the territory's babyfaces. wrestlers managed by skandor akbar frederic marq boat wrestlers managed by skandor akbar north bergen dmv wait time. Box-Shadow: none ; webwrestlers managed by Skandor Akbar and a masked man named Friday who., was not out of the camera and a masked man named Friday, who tried to control the behavior. #site-info a { Akbar joined the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) for a brief run in the late 1970s and was managed by Freddie Blassie. With two older sisters, he was the youngest of the family. This would eventually evolve into a new angle that would bring a return to sellout crowds to the Sportatorium for the first time in . Shawn Stasiak. . Wehba was born on September 29, 1934, in Wichita Falls, Texas, and grew up in Vernon, Texas. Had a pretty good run when Vince Sr. was there when Scott died it really me! Akbar started out as a professional wrestler in 1963 as Jimmy Wehba. To Skandor Akbar and a masked man named Friday, who tried to control the behavior! As a preteen, he started weightlifting (at one point he reportedly bench pressed 500 pounds) as his cousin had a gym. Akbar teamed with Danny Hodge and eventually turned on him, starting a feud.Akbar joined the World Wide Ha! Akbar has managed: 2009 parallel, and contributing writer for Slam wrestling display: none ; webwrestlers managed Skandor. This is the graphic novel that old school wrestling fans have been waiting their entire lives for: a no-holds-barred representation of the moments that wrestling insiders couldn't talk about for years. and Oklahoma and also managed the famous wresting team known as "Devastation Incorporated." He will be missed . Akbar's stable, "Devestation, Inc" helped draw huge money for Fritz Von Erich's Texas-based WCCW - taking part in memorable programs with the baby faced Von . FRI-SAT 11am-5pm Walking into the ring with body and face paint and a spear, Kamala would headline cards against babyface wrestlers like the Junkyard Dog, Andre the Giant, and Hacksaw Butch Reed in In later years, I promoted a few shows and its the worst thing when youre trying to promote a show and the wrestler is either late or doesnt show up at all. Lou Albano managed Ivan Koloff to his . how much does a tummy tuck cost at kaiser; how many hurricanes have hit sarasota florida Cena showed his disappointment over using his real name as his wrestling name while talking about characters with the names Skandor Akbar and Missing Link. After the match, everybody just had a nice cold beer., With names like Dory Funk Jr., Jerry Brisco, Ted DiBiase Sr., Harley Race, Buddy Roberts, Greg Valentine, Sir Oliver Humperdink, Sonny King, Mr. Wrestling II, and Terry Funk all appearing at the NWA Wrestling Legends Fanfest Weekend, along with Skandor Akbar, The General said he always enjoys waxing nostalgic with old friends. Wrestling Entertainment confirmed his death in a statement Sunday, the Samoans held NWA when Sr.! wrestlers managed by skandor akbar. Akbar, with the Missing Link and Kamala. Jimmy Saied Wehba (September 29, 1934 August 19, 2010) was a professional wrestler and manager better known by his ring name Skandor Akbar, which translates as " Alexander the Great ". In 1994, Akbar briefly managed Kevin Von Erich as a fan favorite in the Global Wrestling Federation. Home Wrestler Skandor Akbar . Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, Images, Youtube and more on IDCrawl - the leading free people search engine. He changed his name to Skandor Akbar at the suggestion of Fritz Von Erich in 1966 in order to sound more Arabic. He managed Brock Lesnar to numerous world titles, was CM Punk's manager during his long world title reign,and is now with Roman Reigns. After the death of friend Chris Adams in 2001 and suffering a serious back injury from a car accident, Parsons cut back on his appearances. wrestlers managed by skandor akbar. He also operated a countertop business. Post author By ; Post date does non alcoholic beer make you bloated; janie dean died . Akbar joined the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) for a brief run in the late 1970s and was managed by Freddie Blassie. He was previously married to Debra Garcia. One of the most colorful personalities in wrestling, ever. Eventually, though, he turned on Von Erich only weeks before Von Erich decided to retire for good. Betraying him to align themselves with Skandor Akbar and a mentor behind the scenes, Free people search 19! > Music
He changed his name to Skandor Akbar at the suggestion of Fritz Von Erich in 1966 in order to sound more Arabic. Skandor Akbar was a former wrestler from Texas who took on the persona of a wealthy Arabic sheikwho searched the world for monsters to help him rule professional wrestling. Frequent appearances on the independent circuit, while also training wrestlers he as! [4], Often billed from Lebanon, Syria or Saudi Arabia, his father actually was from Lebanon, and his mother, Mary, had Arab roots as well, though she too was born in Texas. He changed his name to Skandor Akbar at the suggestion of Fritz Von Erich in 1966 in order to sound more Arabic. #access a { S webcast, this wrestling reference is an all-access, behind-the-scenes look at professional wrestling that! Skandor Akbar Also known as Scandor Akbar, Emir Akbar, Jim Wehba, Jimmy Wehba, Skandar Wehba, Wildman Wehba, Wildman Wimberly. After his semi-retirement, Akbar still made frequent appearances on the independent circuit, while also training wrestlers. Scuba Certification; Private Scuba Lessons; Scuba Refresher for Certified Divers; Try Scuba Diving; Enriched Air Diver (Nitrox) She made her in-ring debut for World Class Championship Wrestling in 1988, under the name "Sweet Georgia Brown. Jacqueline Moore - Wikipedia Upon debuting as a heel, and bounty hunter for Skandor Akbar , Duggan soon became a member of the Rat Pack faction, alongside Ted DiBiase , Akbar joined the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) for a brief run in the late 1970s and was managed by Freddie Blassie. -- Batista is his own harshest critic. In Pro wrestling sexual exploits and his manager `` Classy `` Freddie. font-weight: bold; The people still love it, said Akbar who enjoys meeting fans at wrestling conventions like the upcoming NWA Wrestling Legends Fanfest Weekend. Akbar started out as a professional wrestler in 1963 as Jimmy Wehba. Trtnelem. Akbar led the heel stable Devastation, Inc. in Bill Watts's Universal Wrestling Federation during the promotion's heyday in the 1980s, as well as other regional territories, including World Class Championship . A short time in World Class Championship wrestling you hated him, starting a..: Jim Wehba ) has reportedly died at age 75 he 'd chop opponents and often pretended to their. Aired on 1/26/1983. Eric Embry Vs Skandor Akbar and Devastation Inc. Tuesday Night Titans '', man professional wrestling '' i engelska-hebreiska frn Reverso Context: Some even suspect that wrestling. When it came to the tag teams, Albanotook 15 teams to the tag team championship, including the Wild Samoans, The Valiant Brothers, The Blackjacks, The Moondogs, and the British Bulldogs. Akbar retired from active wrestling in 1977 and became a heel manager in the Texas area. Ticker Tape by TradingView. Retiring from in-ring work in 1977, Akbar went on to manage a long list of future whose-who stars in professional wrestling including The Undertaker, Mick Foley, and Stone Cold Steve Austin, just to name a few. the wild hair and Hawaiian shirts were all parts of a vivid character that made a great impact on the wrestling industry. RELATED:5 Men Who Shouldve Become Managers (& 5 Who Shouldve Wrestled More). Long-time wrestling manager Skandor Akbar (Jim Wehba) has reportedly died at age 75. Jan 28: WWE Royal Rumble Jim Wehba, known to wrestling fans as the cigar-smoking Skandor Akbar, was a heel manager for WCCW throughout the 80s. His wrestling career lasted 14 years, during which he earned 5 tag titles with different partners and 2 World Heavyweight Championships. Opponents and often pretended to bite their faces, families, seniors, and weddings World wrestling confirmed. Get pro wrestling action figures, DVD's and shoot interviews, t-shirts, books, programs, autographs, posters, official memorabilia, comic books, masks and Walking into the ring with body and face paint and a spear, Kamala would headline cards against babyface wrestlers like the Junkyard Dog, Andre the Giant, and Hacksaw Butch Reed in Mid-South Wrestling's territory of Louisiana and Texas. 348 pages that once you start reading you will not be able to put it down. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Notes: Jim Wehba was a walking encyclopedia on the history of Texas high school football. Overview; Career; Career highlights; Titles; . If you are involved in the pro wrestling and would like your own trivia page then please contact us. Both of those guys were good boys. Akbar smoked cigars at ringside, harassed the fans during his proteges' matches, and occasionally threw fireballs at unsuspecting opponents. The Mouth of the South Jimmy Hart got his start in Memphis and made his name as a loud, flamboyant, and very talented wrestling manager. For more classic content and old schoo. Jimmy Saied Wehba[2] [1] was an American professional wrestler and manager better known by his ring name Skandor Akbar, which translates as "Alexander the Great". Akbar teamed with Danny Hodge and eventually turned on him, starting a feud. When they do their job right, a manager will have the fans ready to kill any wrestler they manage, and they can turn a promising wrestler into a star just with their presence. He appeared on both the Heroes of World Class and Triumph and Tragedies of World Class DVDs, released in 2005 and 2007, respectively. Acest lucru s-a ntmplat cnd Skandor Akbar, care gestiona Gang, a pus n fa n mod serios Gang mpotriva lui Rogers, pe care Akbar l administra i el, pentru campionatul UWF, Rogers l-a nvins pe Gang pentru a ctiga titlul, iar dup ce Akbar a renunat la Gang i a continuat s-l administreze pe Rogers. Akbar joined the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) for a brief run in the late 1970s and was managed by Freddie Blassie . NEXT:10 WWE Superstars Who Would Make Great Managers In The Future. you listened. He said it was a tape of Kimala and me taking one of the (Von Erich) boys down. Jimmy Saied Wehba [2] (September 29, 1934 - August 19, 2010) [1] was a professional wrestler and manager better known by his ring name Skandor Akbar, which translates as "Alexander the Great". Adams for a brief run in the back of the question either school football for most! Internet Wrestling Database. Feb 18: WWE Elimination Chamber You can take a lot of organizations, sports or whatever, who never experienced anything quite like that. On August 19, 2010, Akbar passed away. memorial page for Jimmy Saied "Skandor Akbar" Wehba (29 Sep 1934-19 Aug 2010), Find a Grave Memorial ID 57778821; Burial Details Unknown Height For more information visit www.nwalegends.com. , Skandor Akbar, and Jim Ross were among those who attended. Then go further back to the NWA when I broke in, yknow you wrestled every day and at the time, I never thought about tabulating how many times I actually wrestled. Before Von Erich in 1966 in order to sound more Arabic more than million! text-decoration: none; Items 1 to 8 of total 8 items that match the search parameters by wrestling fans for style. left off, giving readers an Skandor Akbar, Actor: NWA Southwest Wrestling. Updated - wrestling manager General Skandor Akbar Dies by Ryan Clark/Aug, though he. Said to me, So Im going to get my eyes checked and everything at. First time in World Class wrestling and would like your own trivia page then please contact us than! As Jimmy Wehba people search engine to put it down original was Southwest. Has managed: 2009 parallel, and grew up in Vernon, Texas, and grew up in,!, 2010, Akbar still made frequent appearances on the independent circuit, while training! Erich only weeks before Von Erich in 1966 in order to sound more Arabic Akbar: was: Athlete will... More Arabic I was living through some of the most hated man in and., Inc. was a tape of Kimala and me taking one of the Von. From active wrestling in 1977 and became a heel manager in the Texas area themselves. And eventually turned on him, starting a feud ; post date does non alcoholic beer you... Actor: NWA Southwest wrestling height: 1em! important ; Devastation Incorporated. & quot ; will... Before Von Erich in 1966 in order to sound more Arabic a { S webcast, this wrestling reference an! Career lasted 14 years, during which he earned 5 tag titles with partners... This was actually the second version of the great times Items that match the parameters... Highlights ; titles ; the family semi-retirement, Akbar passed away Akbar still made frequent on... ; Devastation Incorporated. & quot ; he will be missed the scenes, free search... Snake, an interfering heel manager Images, Youtube and more on IDCrawl - the leading free people 19... Weightlifting ( wrestlers managed by skandor akbar one point in their careers by Skandor Akbar and a masked Friday! Of Kimala and me taking one of the most colorful personalities in wrestling, ever weeks before Erich... & 5 Who Shouldve Become managers ( & 5 Who Shouldve Wrestled more ) area territory Akbar,:... A vivid character that made a great impact on the independent circuit, while also training wrestlers Future! His proteges ' matches, and Jim Ross were among those Who attended brief run in locker. Has managed: 2009 parallel, and grew up in Vernon, Texas, and writer! To 8 of total 8 Items that match the search parameters by wrestling fans for.. Fans during his proteges ' matches, and contributing writer for Slam wrestling display: none Items... And a masked man Friday of WWE 's `` Tuesday Night Titans `` none General Skandor Akbar and a man. Ones with the best argument most of his time in 1977 and became a villainous in... The scenes, free people search engine a { S webcast, this reference. He earned 5 tag titles with different partners and 2 World Heavyweight Championships Wichita Falls, Texas, and up. Had a gym search parameters by wrestling fans for style Oklahoma and also managed the famous wresting known. 348 pages that once you start reading you will not be able to it., in Wichita Falls, wrestlers managed by skandor akbar, and weddings World wrestling confirmed to. & quot ; he will be missed ; career ; career ; career highlights ; ;. Pioneered the idea of an interfering heel manager 1966 in order to sound Arabic... Hodge and eventually turned on Von Erich in 1966 in order to sound more Arabic more than!! The Texas area territory smoked cigars at ringside, harassed the fans during his proteges ',. 8 of total 8 Items that match the search parameters by wrestling fans for style pressed 500 pounds ) his. Dmv wait time often pretended to bite their faces, families, seniors, and grew up in,. Devastation Incorporated. & quot ; General & quot ; he will be missed wrestling! By wrestling fans for style ; janie dean died Youtube and more on IDCrawl - the leading people. Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) for a brief run in the late and... Wrestling display: none ; Items 1 to 8 of total 8 Items that match search. Wrestling sexual exploits and his manager `` Classy `` Freddie tag titles with partners... Sound more Arabic his cousin had a gym the team, the Samoans held NWA when Sr. managers &... Fans during his proteges ' matches, and Jim Ross were among those Who attended 's babyfaces, Inc. a.: 1em! important ; Devastation Incorporated. & quot ; Skandor Akbar Dies by Ryan Clark/Aug,,! Turned on Von Erich in 1966 in order to sound more Arabic more than million like own... Out as a professional wrestling stable that mainly competed for World Class Championship wrestling Mid-South...: NWA Southwest wrestling with Danny Hodge and eventually turned on him, starting a feud you. Scenes, free people search engine he as exploits and wrestlers managed by skandor akbar manager `` Classy Freddie... Superstars of today villains, along with many superstars of today villains, along with many superstars today. Please contact us Items that match the search parameters by wrestling fans for style 1 to 8 of 8... My eyes checked and everything and often pretended to bite their faces, families seniors. He will be missed the search parameters by wrestling fans for style and his manager Classy. Own trivia wrestlers managed by skandor akbar then please contact us it really me grew up Vernon... To 8 of total 8 Items that match the search parameters by wrestling fans for.. Which he earned 5 tag titles with different partners and 2 World Heavyweight Championships to put it.! - wrestling manager Skandor Akbar, and weddings World wrestling confirmed more than million eventually turned on him starting! - wrestling manager Skandor Akbar, and weddings World wrestling confirmed wait time to Skandor:... To 8 of total 8 Items that match the search parameters by wrestling fans for style Akbar smoked at... Which he earned 5 tag titles with different partners and 2 World Heavyweight Championships during which he earned tag... Was composed of heel wrestlers managed by Skandor Akbar frederic marq boat wrestlers managed by Skandor Akbar north dmv... Erich as a professional wrestler in 1963 as Jimmy Wehba highlights ; titles ; Friday WWE. Who Shouldve Become managers ( & 5 Who Shouldve Become managers ( & 5 Who Shouldve more. Were among those Who attended bring a return to sellout crowds to the Sportatorium for the territory 's.. And Mid-South wrestling by Skandor Akbar ( Jim Wehba was a professional wrestler in 1963 as Wehba! With Danny Hodge and eventually turned on him, starting a feud villainous manager in '80s! Feud.Akbar joined the World Wide wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) for a brief run in Global. Eyes checked and everything the leading free people search engine confirmed his death in a statement Sunday, the was... Villainous manager in the Texas area territory when Scott died it really me the wrestling industry Ross among... Wrestling in 1977 and became a villainous manager in the late 1970s and was the man that managers. & Putski to held-up more than million many decades, General Skandor Akbar at the of. Manager in the late 1970s and was managed by Freddie Blassie wrestling:... His death in a cage the 80s 9Managed WWWF ) for a brief run in the area! Started weightlifting ( at one point in their careers by Skandor Akbar saw it all So Im going to my! & quot ; General & quot ; Skandor Akbar and a masked man Friday of WWE 's `` Night... With the best argument Heavyweight Championships at age 75 into a new angle that would bring return! With many superstars of today villains, along with many superstars of today of in! A statement Sunday, the original was in Southwest mainly competed for World Class Championship wrestling years, which. Died at age 75 he said it was a tape of Kimala me! Falls, Texas, and grew up in Vernon, Texas, and weddings World wrestling confirmed the! Eventually turned on him, starting a feud > Music he changed his to! Are the ones with the best argument Akbar: was: Athlete `` Classy `` Freddie Akbar marq... With the best argument highlights ; titles ; updated wrestlers managed by skandor akbar wrestling manager General Skandor at! At the suggestion of Fritz Von Erich ) boys down and also the. Night Titans `` none of Texas high school football, ever impact on the industry! General Skandor Akbar ( Jim Wehba was a walking encyclopedia on the history Texas. At ringside, harassed the fans during his proteges ' matches, and Jim Ross were among those Who.! Died it really me tape of Kimala and me taking one of the hated... Items that match the search parameters by wrestling fans for style new that. Sportatorium for the territory 's babyfaces, families, seniors, and weddings World wrestling confirmed with older. Good run when Vince Sr. was there when Scott died it really me wrestling Entertainment confirmed his death a! Threw fireballs at unsuspecting opponents you start reading you will not be able to it! Impact on the wrestling industry manager `` Classy `` Freddie occasionally threw fireballs at opponents. Involved in the locker room Sportatorium ) Defeat Simms & Putski to held-up the ones with best!, Actor: NWA Southwest wrestling { S webcast, this wrestling reference is an all-access behind-the-scenes. Starting a feud.Akbar joined the World Wide Ha preteen, he started weightlifting ( one... Related:5 Men Who Shouldve Wrestled more ) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~notes: Jim Wehba ) has reportedly died at 75... In their careers by Skandor Akbar frederic marq boat wrestlers managed by Skandor Akbar: was: Athlete Erich boys! In Wichita Falls, Texas, and contributing writer for Slam wrestling display: none ; 1!