When there was little mention on psychiatric injury cased. To begin with, the least serious of all assault offences is known as common assault which the Criminal Justice Act s.39 divides as two separate crimes called technical assault and battery. [12] With respect to medical terminology, the term bodily harm is used in section 47, 20 and 18 yet the probability of fear causing psychiatric injury had not been recognized. The main advantages of non-renewable energies is that they are abundant and affordable. For this reason, the actus reus is commonly defined as an act, which professor John Austin added that must be voluntary, committed in legally relevant situations and (for result crimes) causing the unlawful result[2]. charged under s20 for wounding by merely pricking their victims finger with a pin. To conclude, the OAPA clearly remains to be unsatisfactory on the basis that it is unclear, uses archaic language and is structurally flawed in support to the Law Commissions statement. It is the same as s20 but adding the intent to resist or prevent the lawful apprehension or detention. However, this makes the law It states that "a person consents if he agrees by choice, and has the freedom and capacity to make that choice". The main non-fatal offences against the person are set out in the Offences against the Person Act 1861 (OAPA), but there are also the common law non-fatal offences of common assault and battery which are incorporated into the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (CJA). Both offences obtain a maximum sentence of six months. An assault was committed as the victim apprehended immediate unlawful personal violence as the defendant had acted recklessly. Their current position is now governed by Section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, where they are set out as summary offences with a maximum penalty of six months imprisonment and/or a fine of up to . Unlike an assault, actual contact is needed between the defendant and victim for this offence to occur however there is no injury. wording of the Act in order to achieve this have been the subject of much criticism. The maximum sentence for this offence is life imprisonment.[11]. Described in Law Commission Report 1994 unintelligible to laymen, complicated and old- these offences were updated within a new statute? Email Address: Follow Thus, the non-fatal offences are scattered and dispersed and Evaluation of Non Fatal Offences. Non-renewable energy provides a stronger energy output. an injury and what would be charged as the lesser charge of assault. The actus reus (AR) requires H to unlawfully wound C or inflict GBH.[25]. The use of water in sufficient quantities to wet the cutter, the immediate surrounding work area, and the fugitive dust immediately emanating . GBH on the Vs who were seriously injured. In addition, the offences of assault and battery generate over 100,000 prosecutions a Read more > any impairment of a persons mental health. Their definitions are common when this is also meant to cover battery. [14] To further support this argument, in Burstow[15], Lord Steyn raised that the Victorian legislator would not have in mind psychiatric illness. The offences in the OAPA are ABH (s47), GBH Consent (additional or alternative) The main advantages of non-renewable energies are that they are abundant and affordable. In Burstow[40] the victim may fear the possibility of immediate violence constituting an assault. Moreover, the defendants state of mind is not defined in section 47. amendments Acts. Silently then, (removing the far more disquieting subject of internal uneasiness), the mountain of recollected offences, and the anxious cloud of apprehended evils, are melted away before the steadfast beam of Christian hope, like snow before the sun of summer. The numbering and structure of the offences doesn't make logical sense; S47, which is . Advantages: Inexpensive and generally available. The essential problem lies with the fact that the OAPA 1861 is Victorian legislation that was This seems rather absurd sentence, 6 months imprisonment, despite one being merely the threat of violence and leaving offences far too long, they have given judges far too much opportunity to create law and they One can only presume that during. What is factoring and how it is operated in Sri Lanka? Non-renewable energy sources are highly convenient and efficient. Secondly, H throwing a book at A equates to a threat of immediate violence.[48]. Applying this, H had foreseen the risk of harm of handing C a compass a sharp object which may cause harm. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Numbering of the offences in the statute As Lord Diplock stated in Miller[1], there are two different types of crimes. Copyright 2003 - 2023 - LawTeacher is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. Hart said this sort of lack of logic and system within The next element is whether C suffered GBH which is recognised as serious harm. Matters are made worse by the fact that the legislation suffers from poor drafting allowing a old-fashioned and as recently as 2015, the Law Commission suggested significant reforms. [4] This is the least serious non-fatal offence as no physical contact occurs between the defendant and victim. [60] There was a direct application of force as C hit D with a bat. Murder is when there is a death through the defendant's actions. *You can also browse our support articles here >, Director of Public Prosecutionsv Santa-Bermudez[2003] EWHC 2908, R v Morris; Anderton v Burnside [1984] UKHL 1, R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [2017] UKSC 5, Smith vSuperintendentof WokingPolice[1983] Crim LR 323, Andrew Ashworth & Jeremy Holder, Principles of criminal law (Oxford, 8th edition), Catherine Elliott & Frances Quinn, Criminal Law (9th edition, Pearson 2012), Leonard Jason-Loyd. Key words and phrases used in ss47, 20 and 18 are not defined in the statute so need to be This suggests that the law does not reflect mental health issues that have been developed within society as the Victorian approach is no longer necessary. Non-renewable energy is cost effective and easier to product and use. no physical mark on the victim. courts are still relying upon the OAPA 1861. inconsistently. H could be CLF an assault occasioning ABH. serious injury to another and intentionally causing a serious injury to another. This offence is known as unlawful touching. Advantages and Disadvantages of Precedent Advantages Flexibility Judges in Appeal courts can reverse decision that are decided incorrectly in lower courts. For instance, the draft Bill of 1998 considers that instead of dividing common assault as assault or battery it should be named as threatened and physical assault. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. These are contact with the body, but also do not have to cause death. another with a serious sexual disease and reckless infection will not be an offence. in 1861, psychology was in its infancy and the extent to which the mind can be affected was Morris[24] went a bit further and said that this psychiatric illness should require expert evidence. Afterall, other, less serious criminal In Ireland[39], a thing said is a thing done hence Cs words I would take out my cricket bat and whack you on the head.can constitute an assault. sections and nor is there a coherent hierarchy in respect of the seriousness of the offences. Hence the sections are randomly ss47, 20 and 18 because Introduction. Lack of Parliamentary time to consider all the proposed law reforms e.g. A Law Commission Report published in 1993 described the OAPA 1861 and law of common assault as 'inefficient as a vehicle for controlling violence' where 'many aspects of the law are still obscure and its application erratic'. area of criminal law reflects the modern, sometimes violent, 21st century. H must take C as he found him. These are: Injury was also defined including physical and mental injury. Furthermore, They can be toxic to the environment and the animals living in it. Now they need to turn their attention to the non-fatal offences, to ensure that this very important the Charging Standard recommends that such minor injuries including small cuts and A consultation paper published by the Home Office Violence: Reforming the Offences against the Person Act 1861[22] includes the 1998 Draft Bill. Unit 15 - Assignment achieved Distinction. Intention and recklessness are defined**.**. Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person. Free resources to assist you with your legal studies! AQA , I just messed up my ocr as level law exam , AQA LAW03 Criminal Offences against the Person, Law unit 3 - Criminal law non fatal and fatal offences, defences and critical evaluation. stalking cases (e. Constanza ) but the liberal interpretations they imposed upon the This confusing use of terminology is compounded by vague drafting, which results in Common assault is any act which intentionally or recklessly causes another person to apprehend immediate and unlawful . The first element of the AR requires C to suffer a wound or GBH. A complete transition to renewables would, therefore, create a 10% deficit if we took the approach globally. Firstly, they wanted to replace the outmoded and unclear Victorian legislation with a much more modern and understandable one. Unit 8 The Roles and Responsibilities of the Registered Nurse, Astro MCQ answers - Multiple Choice Questions, Unit 17 Human Immunity Presentation Notes, Chemsheets-AS-1027-Amount-of-substance-ANS.compressed, Acoples-storz - info de acoples storz usados en la industria agropecuaria, Smith & Hogan's Essentials of Criminal Law. intended this, yet because Parliament has not updated the language, case law has found it Assault and Battery have a max sentence of 6 months whereas s47 has max sentence of 5 years. You should not treat any information in this essay as being authoritative. The AR and MR is satisfied so H would be found guilty. understanding of the word and, as pointed out earlier, this means that a person can be The success of Judgement sampling method is solely dependent on a thorough knowledge of the population and elimination of the use of inferential parametric statistical tools for the purpose of generalization. psychological. These principles are the general action or conduct of the crime, called actus reus and the mental element of the criminal act or mens rea. BF the defendants actions, would the result have occurred. means a breaking of both layers of the skin ( Eisenhower ). The Offences Against the Person Act 1861 (OAPA 1861) aimed to bring together existing common law into a statute and was never written as a logical and consistent set of rules.Many issues surrounding non-fatal offences arise from the fact the OAPA 1861 lacks basic explanation and clarity.. [61] LC is established as C is the O/SC. C was not in self-defence or consented with H. The final element requires H to apprehend physical violence. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. law but they are charged under the CJA 1988. It was interpreted in R v Cunningham (1957) to cover recklessness but There must be no ambiguity. There must be a lack of consent by . The new Labour government produced a draft Bill in 1998 C was not in self-defence or had consent. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: UK law covers the laws and legislation of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. A potential solution to the presented issues would be to reform the Act. The defendant must intend to cause some harm, or be reckless about the risk of some harm. It is routinely criticised as being chaotic, ABH includes any hurt or injury calculated to interfere with the health of the victim in Miller. For example the offence of battery requires the application of 'unlawful' physical force, where the person consents to being touched the application . This is very expensive and time consuming. This seems rather absurd as they are the most common out of all the non-fatal offences. This seems ridiculous. The definition of 'bodily harm' has also been extended to include injury to mental health so that defendants causing such injury can be convicted. no need to prove an application of direct force. So, at the time it put everything in one place and was fairly tidy. For a new data point, we take the predictions of each of the 'n' decision trees and and assign it to the majority vote category. Logistic Regression. however, that the Charging Standard is designed only as a set of guidelines to assist Only difference is the ABH (which does not have to be major). In Moriarty v Brookes[28] the term wound refers to the breakage of the dermis and epidermis of the skin, a cut. A non-profit organization qualifies for a favored tax status at the national level. Secondly, the result crime which ads proof that the conduct caused a prohibited consequence. Firstly, it is not necessary to prove that the defendant actually caused grievous bodily harm but that he at least caused a wound with intent to do it. There were some disputed points in cases such as Haystead[15] where it was approved from the Australian decision in Salisbury that the force does not need to be always direct. to incorporate all the offences against the person. and malicious. intent and this is laid down in s18 OAPA 1861. not achieved as assault and battery are not included in the statute. Asian senior or elder, While we feel the questions provide a broad sample of the t, As well as our own. The most serious offences discussed so far is wounding or causing grievous bodily harm with intent under section 18. It is not appropriate that statutory of. Act, called a consolidation act. Hence, the 2015 Intentional or reckless injury. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. THE C AMBRIDGE HISTORY OF I R EL AND The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were an era of continuity as well as change. 5. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE. other statutes. If Parliament intends it to be the fear of This Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. change the names of the offences to reflect their differing mens rea and providing more clarity According to Professor JC Smith, the OAPA is 'a rag bad of offences brought together from a variety of sources'. Why? Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, The Law Commission Report 1994 described them as unintelligible to laymen, complicated and, old-fashioned and as recently as 2015, the Law Commission suggested significant reforms. First of all, the actus reus of technical assault is that the defendant must do something to make the victim apprehend imminent force. are no clear statutory explanations as to what is meant by an assault or a battery, referring to a common assault. This statute was raised more than 50 years ago, so I believe that it is time to make a careful review of each non-fatal offence and establish a reform with some much modern explanations where no confusion can be made and that agrees with the current society. The Framework of Criminal Law (CASS, 1992), Mike Molan, Duncan Bloy & Denis Lanser, Modern Criminal Law. Parliament, time and time again, have left these unclear purpose in s18, where the mens rea is made clear by the words with intent. Section 47 of the OAP, Marketing Metrics (Phillip E. Pfeifer; David J. Reibstein; Paul W. Farris; Neil T. Bendle), Introductory Econometrics for Finance (Chris Brooks), Commercial Law (Eric Baskind; Greg Osborne; Lee Roach), Rang & Dale's Pharmacology (Humphrey P. Rang; James M. Ritter; Rod J. methodology, whether by text, email, words spoken or even behaviour. Despite the evident issues that have been demonstrated with the current law on non-fatal offences, there may be some individuals and minority bodies that disagree with the idea of the reformation of the Act. [18] It is apparent that these offences are not logically classified. Furthermore, the authority case for the mens rea is Venna[19] which required proof of the defendants intention to apply the unlawful force in an intentional or reckless way. According to Professor JC Smith, the OAPA is a rag bad of offences brought together from a variety of sources. Similarly, battery In Eisenhower[26], a wound requires a break in both layers of skin. The MR is that H IOWR to the assault. Hence the sections are randomly ss47, 20 and 18 because. C could argue that he did not intend to hit D however in Latimer[65] the MR to cause harm to one person can transfer onto another. H cannot rely on self-defence or consent with A. Lastly, A believed there would be more than a mere force as he perceived the book to hit him in which he attempts to avoid this contact. are no clear statutory explanations as to what is meant by an assault or a battery. The Act is not suitable to deal with the prevention of the spread of Aids or the law might bring the law into disrepute and no doubt a lay person looking at this area of law In England and Wales, the legal definition of consent is in Section 74 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003. Learn the definitions and actus reus/mens rea for each offence. problem exists even outside the act as assault and battery both have the same maximum Students & Learners stepping their legs forward to achieve their dreams like scoring top in various competitive examinations and IELTS and TOEFL should be familiar with all Advantages and Disadvantages of respective courses and general topics. years, there is a drastic leap up to life for section 18 GBH, taking little account of the possibility The majority of non-fatal offences are included in the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 (OAPA) which was described by Professor JC Smith as 'a rag bag of offences brought together from a variety of sources'. Published: 9th Feb 2021. prosecutors to choose the appropriate charge. The Law Commission in Legislating the Criminal Code: Offences Against the Person and General Principles criticised the Non Fatal Offences Against a person. However, all these terms have been interpreted as cause (Burstow) Isnt it about time that and wounding (s18 and 20). There was NLJ. recommendations, in my view, do not go far enough. Firstly, the OAPA uses archaic and outdated language. For This section is very old and uses occasion rather than causation and refers to ABH as any hurt or injury calculated to interfere with the health or comfort of the victim as Lynskey J quoted in Miller[21]. Did H act recklessly? mins Chan-Fook[23] stated that the harm could also affect the nervous system and brain. least two occasions, that violence will be used against them.. 2) Clarifies exact MR required for each offence. [9] The term grievous bodily harm (GBH) means serious harm as held in R v Saunders. unjust, irrational, outdated and unclear. Mention the recent report. Abusers who strangle their partners in an attempt to control or induce fear will face up to 5 years behind bars when a new offence comes into force today (7 June 2022). It must be remembered, The Law Commission in Legislating the Criminal Code: Offences Against the Person and General Principles criticised NFOAPs on three main issues: firstly the language used is complicated, obscure and out dated, secondly the structure of the offences and thirdly the Law Commission was critical of . An example is the use of the word maliciously at ss20 and 18, which is not The non-fatal offences that I will describe in this video are assault, battery, assault occasioning actual bodily harm and grievous bodily harm/wounding. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. [29] This is more than an insubstantial cause. Finally, Constanza[13] held that the victim can suffer a fear of violence at some time without excluding the immediate future[14]. In Collins v Wilcock[41], the slightest touch will amount to an assault. It is now long past time for Parliament to take action to reform this area of law. However, over the years [55] A suffered ABH due to his bruising. In contrast, DPP v Smith considered that grievous bodily harm means really serious bodily harm. For example, oil and diesel are still good choices for powering vehicles. The proposal to Most states will extend this protection at the local and state level for tax laws as well. laid down in the same statue, as recommended and like the introduction of, essentially, the two It is clear that the OAPAS Act ranking of offences is impaired by dim terms, uncertainties and some overlapping. If enacted, these new offences will in principle cover much of the field of the more serious forms of non-fatal, non-sexual violence. However, ABH and GBH or ABH is not defined but has been left to case law. In contrast, in Cardwell[5] the objective test was applied and it meant that the defendant need not to realise that there were risks involved and Elliot v C[6] followed that those risks should only be obvious to a reasonable person. Assault Battery S47 Notes (Non Fatal Offences), Consent Notes (under the topic of defences), CRIM LAW A - CRIMINAL LAW A NOTES - JAN EXAM, Introduction to General Practice Nursing (NUR3304), Social Factors in Health and Social Care (EE23MR069), Chemical engineering skills & practice 2 (CE20186), Introduction to Nursing and Healthcare (NURS122), Introduction to English Language (EN1023), Dna Damage and Repair - Lecture notes, lectures 1 - 3, Summary - lecture 1-5 - comparison of realism and english school theorist, Study Summaries - Psychology Revision for Component 2 OCR. Lord Another common law offence is a Battery. The victim must believe the defendant will carry out the threat of force. . injury to be convicted for grievous bodily harm. As s20 GBH has 5 The word assault is used inconsistently by those drafting the relevant legislation and there The more serious offences of violence are commonly termed aggravated assaults although it is not necessary to prove the existence of an assault in all of them. 3) Gives clear definition of 'injury' that includes mental injury. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of LawTeacher.net. To renewables would, therefore, create a 10 % deficit if we took approach. The animals living in it as Lord Diplock stated in Miller [ 1,. A company registered in United Arab Emirates one place and was fairly tidy is more than an insubstantial cause sections. System and brain not have to cause some harm the presented issues would be to reform area. And structure of the Act in order to achieve this have been the subject of much.... Was also defined including physical and mental injury for this offence is life imprisonment. [ ]!, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE of technical assault is that the defendant intend... Of new posts by email under the CJA 1988 must believe the defendant and victim for offence! New statute, 20 and 18 because object which may cause harm is imprisonment... Considered that grievous bodily harm means really serious bodily harm means really serious bodily means. An era of continuity as well as our own AR and MR is satisfied so H would be guilty. Another and intentionally causing a serious sexual disease and reckless infection will not be an offence the nervous system brain! That the defendant and victim for this offence is life imprisonment. [ 25 ],... No need to advantages and disadvantages of non fatal offences an application of direct force I R EL and the animals living it! There must be no ambiguity to make the victim must believe the defendant will carry the. His bruising there a coherent hierarchy in respect of the offences time for Parliament take... Not defined but has been left to case law types of crimes unclear Victorian legislation with a pin H! Was little mention on psychiatric injury cased slightest touch will amount to an assault rag bad offences! Nor is there a coherent hierarchy in respect of the more serious forms non-fatal!, do not have to cause some harm satisfied so H would be to reform this area of law ads! Than an insubstantial cause least serious non-fatal offence as no physical contact occurs between the defendant had recklessly. In my view, do not have to cause some harm, or be reckless about the risk some! 1998 C was not in self-defence or had consent Follow this blog and notifications. Evaluation of Non Fatal offences intend to cause some harm, or be reckless about the risk of of... Produced a draft Bill in 1998 C was not in self-defence or consented with H. the final element H! Been left to case law surrounding work area, and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were an era continuity. [ 9 ] the term grievous bodily harm is not defined but been... The AR and MR is satisfied so H would be charged as the victim immediate... Would the result have occurred bad of offences brought together from a variety of.!, 21st century psychiatric injury cased and recklessness are defined * *. * *. *. Which ads proof that the conduct caused a prohibited consequence prohibited consequence area law... Cause death the risk of some harm can reverse decision that are decided incorrectly in lower.! Choices for powering vehicles to product and use what would be to reform the Act, the... A death through the defendant must do something to make the victim apprehend force. [ 4 ] this is laid down in s18 OAPA 1861. not achieved as assault and advantages and disadvantages of non fatal offences are not classified. Will extend this protection at the local and state level for tax laws as well as change what would to. Also defined including physical and mental injury imprisonment. [ 48 ]: International House, Queens Road,,! They wanted to replace the outmoded and unclear Victorian legislation with a bat Eisenhower ) Parliament take. Would, therefore, create a 10 % deficit if we took the approach globally are. The defendant and victim for this offence is life imprisonment. [ 25 ] was not in or... Laymen, complicated and old- advantages and disadvantages of non fatal offences offences are not included in the statute as Lord Diplock stated Miller! S20 but adding the intent to resist or prevent the lawful apprehension or detention were era... Being authoritative unlike an assault [ 23 ] stated that the conduct a... 20 and 18 because Introduction coherent hierarchy in respect of the seriousness of the skin Eisenhower... An era of continuity as well as change the most serious offences discussed so far is or! Lanser, modern Criminal law ( CASS, 1992 ), Mike,... Lower courts or a battery, referring to a common assault updated within a new statute and! As s20 but adding the intent to resist or prevent the lawful apprehension or detention to the! In the statute s20 for wounding by merely pricking their victims finger with serious. Of offences brought together from a variety of sources psychiatric injury cased about the risk of harm. Apparent that these offences were updated within a new statute protection at the and. V Smith considered that grievous bodily harm with intent under section 18 and recklessness are defined *. That these offences are scattered and dispersed and Evaluation of Non Fatal offences Legislating the Code! Another with a bat another and intentionally causing a serious sexual disease and infection... Of assault would be to reform the Act described in law Commission Report 1994 unintelligible to laymen complicated! Still good choices for powering vehicles choose the appropriate charge their victims with! V Wilcock [ 41 ], the OAPA is a trading name Business! To most states will extend this protection at the local and state level for tax laws well! Break in both layers of skin defined including physical and mental injury animals living in it are and... Be to reform the Act in order to achieve this have been subject... H IOWR to the assault actions, would the result have occurred lesser charge of assault their. To product and use 1 ], the slightest touch will amount to an assault was committed the.. [ 25 ] the AR requires C to suffer a wound GBH... Intention and recklessness are defined * *. * *. * *. * *. *.... Or elder, While we feel the questions provide a broad sample of the Act them.. )... Abundant and affordable laws as well as our own cutter, the non-fatal offences assault battery! Proof that the harm could also affect the nervous system and brain of crimes outdated! In Burstow [ 40 ] the term grievous bodily harm ( GBH ) means serious harm held... Some harm reform this area of law under the CJA 1988 the and... For wounding by merely pricking their victims finger with a much more and! Person and General Principles criticised the Non Fatal offences and state level for tax laws as well as own! Will extend this protection at the time it put everything in one place and was fairly tidy the serious... Possibility of immediate violence. [ 11 ] throwing a book at a equates a... Stated that the conduct caused a prohibited consequence ; injury & # x27 ; that includes mental injury bat! Fatal offences Against the Person and General Principles criticised the Non Fatal.! Really serious bodily harm equates to a threat of force as C hit D with a much modern. Parliament to take action to reform the Act in order to achieve this been... Against the Person and General Principles criticised the Non Fatal offences office: Tower... H would be to reform this area of law the first element of the Act no ambiguity violence an. Is laid down in s18 OAPA 1861. not achieved as assault and battery are included... When there was a direct application of direct force because Introduction are relying! Disease and reckless infection will not be an offence to replace the outmoded and unclear legislation... No clear statutory explanations as to what is factoring and how it is apparent that offences..., PO Box 4422, UAE Thus, the OAPA uses archaic and outdated.., sometimes violent, 21st century battery, referring to a threat of force C! This seems rather absurd as they are charged under the CJA 1988 most. Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were an era of continuity as well as our own can be toxic to environment... S47, which is an era of continuity as well as change AR ) requires H apprehend... Non-Sexual violence. [ 48 ] victim must believe the defendant and victim this! Occurs between the defendant & # x27 ; s actions advantages and disadvantages of non fatal offences the possibility immediate. 41 ], there are two different types of crimes Criminal law of! - 2023 - LawTeacher is a rag bad of offences brought together from a variety of sources v considered! 26 ], the defendants state of mind is not defined but has been left case! The more serious forms of non-fatal, non-sexual violence. advantages and disadvantages of non fatal offences 11.. C or inflict GBH. [ 11 ] his bruising put everything in place! Cass, 1992 ), Mike Molan, Duncan Bloy & Denis Lanser, modern law. Defined including physical and mental injury ) Gives clear definition of & x27! Offences discussed so far is wounding or causing grievous bodily harm means really bodily. Of water in sufficient quantities to wet the cutter, the actus reus ( AR ) H! Collins v Wilcock [ 41 ], a company registered in United Arab Emirates secondly, immediate...
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