[17], The Battle of Midway is considered by many to be a turning point of the war in the Pacific, along with the Guadalcanal campaign. He is responsible for the Japanese battle plan to attack Midway and the Aleutian Islands. Hickman, Kennedy. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." Admiral Chester W. Nimitz called him a fine man, a sterling character, and a great leader, and said, nothing you can say about him would be praise enough. The heavily fortified islands, former British possessions, were of strategic value because of their good landing strips and naval base. As his staff worked, Halsey used the fleet to win the Battle of Leyte Gulf. In January 1945, Spruance resumed command of the fleet and began moving against Iwo Jima. [22] Spruance later chose the battleship USSNew Jersey as his flagship, as the huge Iowa-class battleship had both room for his staff and the speed to keep up with the fast carrier task forces. The Japanese navy could never accept this catastrophic loss. Five days after the Marshalls campaign, Spruance sent the Mitscher force to attack Tinian and Saipan in the Mariana Islands. Calm, collected, decisive, yet receptive to advice; keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening. Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. Only 17 of the islands 4,690 Japanese defenders survived to become prisoners. Armed with this information, Fletcher ordered Spruance to launch a strike at the Japanese with Enterprise and Hornet while holding Yorktown in reserve in case the other Japanese carriers were discovered. That same year he received a new assignment: assistant machinery inspector at the Newport News, Va., dry dock, where the battleship Pennsylvania was being outfitted. Shortly before leaving the Naval War College and retiring from the Navy on July 1, 1948, Admiral Spruance received a letter of commendation from the secretary of the Navy that read: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. All three were eventually scuttled. . Spruance rewarded his trust by playing a decisive role in the US victory at the Battle Of Midway. HistoryLearning.com. In June 1942 the United States and Japan fought for control of Midway Island in the South Pacific. The combined American force consisted of three carriers, eight cruisers, 15 destroyers, 12 submarines and 353 aircraft, ranged against a grand total of 200 Japanese vessels and 700 planes. Known for his calm in moments of crisis, Admiral Spruance became one of the U.S. Navy's largest assets in World War II. He was then ordered to the China station, with sea duty aboard the battleship Connecticut and the cruiser Cincinnati. [7], Spruance served in Washington until early 1924, when he was ordered to the headquarters, Commander Naval Force in Europe. In May 1942, intelligence suggested that the Japanese were planning on assaulting Midway Island. A number of strategic and tactical errors contributed to the Japanese defeat: Yamamotos virtual isolation on the bridge of Yamato and his failure to maintain an overall grip on the strategic situation; a loss of nerve on the part of Nagumo; tradition that led Yamaguchi and other enemy commanders to go down with their ships instead of trying to recover the initiative; insufficient reconnaissance against the U.S. carriers; a lack of high-altitude fighter cover; inadequate fire precautions aboard the ships; and the launching of airstrikes from all four fleet carriers at the same time, so that there was a critical period when the Japanese carrier force had little defensive capability. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. He was appointed as Ambassador to the Philippines by President Harry S. Truman, and served there from 1952 to 1955. [21] Buell quotes Spruance speaking with Morison: As a matter of tactics I think that going out after the Japanese and knocking their carriers out would have been much better and more satisfactory than waiting for them to attack us, but we were at the start of a very important and large amphibious operation and we could not afford to gamble and place it in jeopardy. When not in command of the fleet the admirals, and their staffs, were based at Pearl Harbor and planned future operations. 2015. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: "Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. As Allied forces battled on the island, Spruance's ships defeated Operation Ten-Go on April 7 which saw the Japanese battleship Yamato attempt to break through to the island. This gave rise to the description of Spruance as "an Admiral's admiral". Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. Following the campaign, Spruance turned the fleet over to Halsey and began planning operations to capture Iwo Jima. After serving aboard the battleship Iowa, Spruance went on a world cruise aboard the battleship Minnesota. The U.S. Navy counterforce sank all four Japanese carriers while losing one of its own, Yorktown. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. Spruance directed Operation Hailstone against the Japanese naval base Truk in February 1944 in which twelve Japanese warships, thirty-two merchant ships and 249 aircraft were destroyed. ThoughtCo. On 6 December 1941 Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese bombers and America was swept into World War Two. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. It faced a Japanese invasion fleet organized into two groups: the air-attack task force of four carriers with support ships under command of Admiral Chichi Nagumo, and the surface and occupation forces under Admiral Nobutake Kond and others. There are submarines, there are mini-submarines, and then there are human torpedoes. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. [7], Spruance ran a quiet bridge, without chit-chat; he demanded that orders be given concisely and clearly. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. In the footnote Morison says, Admiral Spruance, in commenting on the first draft of this volume, requested that I delete victor at and substitute who commanded a carrier task force at, butI have let it stand. Then U.S. dive bombers from Spruance's Enterprise flew to Nagumo's fleet of four carriers which, fatefully, were without air cover. During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality. [14][15] For his actions at the battle of Midway Rear Admiral Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and cited as follows: "For exceptionally meritorious service as Task Force Commander, United States Pacific Fleet. Recently promoted to rear admiral, Spruance was assigned to command a division of cruisers in the Pacific under Admiral Nimitz in 1941. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II. U.S. losses were low: 25 airplanes and 18 lives. This was followed by a promotion to Deputy Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet in September. He wrote the day after the attack and the same day he attended funeral services for the 54 Sailors and Marines killed in the attack. It was interesting work, but I wouldnt want to do it for a living. After Midway, although the Japanese still held a temporary advantage in vessels and planes, the U.S. Navy and the nation gained confidence and, most critically, time. Fifteen Buffaloes and two Wildcats were lost, but the garrisons anti-aircraft fire was effective. United States airbase targeted by the Japanese in preparation to invade Hawaii. [9] On the other hand, commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester Nimitz knew he must intercept the Japanese invasion fleet, and that he must give battle to the enemy aircraft carriers before they could project their overwhelming power against the naval air station at Midway. At the crucial Battle of Midway, your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II.A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. Privacy Policy, Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during. 6 (June 1955): 658-659. The American toll was 1,100 dead and almost 2,300 wounded. Though this gamble paid off, Enterprise air squadrons would pay a heavy price, flying in piece-meal and mostly without fighter escort. A decisive victory, Spruance and Fletcher's actions at Midway helped turn the tide of the Pacific war in favor of the Allies. Japanese fleet under the direct command of Admiral Yamamoto with over 5 battleships and escort carrier Hosho. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. Midway bought the United States valuable time until the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of the year. Spruance's seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, three other destroyers, and the battleship Mississippi. The Americans were able to count on Yorktown, however, after patching her up in an astonishing two days instead of 90 days as had been estimated. Spruance graduated from the U.S. It was spotted by scouts from the USS Hornet and destroyed by planes from the Enterprise. Enterprise dive bombers critically damaged two Japanese carriers including Nagumo's flagship Akagi; while the Yorktown air group, launched after Fletcher was confident that all Japanese carriers were accounted for, crippled the Soryu. McClusky led one squadron, VB-6, against the carrier Kaga, while the other Enterprise squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, Akagi. During the third week of May 1942, U.S. naval intelligence units confirmed that the Japanese wouldby early Juneinvade Midway Island. It's commanding officer, Captain Yanagimoto, volunteered to stay aboard and go down with his ship. After Rome fell, the bishop of Constantinople became the most pow While both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command. Fletcher quickly ordered his dive bombers to strike, which fatally damaged the fourth Japanese carrier; it was scuttled the next day. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man . He never did things the same way twice. The American offensive in the Pacific theater was now enjoying considerable momentum, aided in no small measure by Rear Adm. Marc Mitschers Task Force 58, the most powerful and destructive unit in the history of sea warfare. He was then 55. This saw Allied forces move against Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. C. The Roman Catholic Church developed in Constantinople. Before the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7-8 May 1942, the Imperial Navy of Japan had swept aside all of its enemies from the Pacific and Indian oceans. The enemy units were forced to withdraw their battered aircraft carrier Shokaku, while the Americans had to abandon the old, cherished carrier Lexington. The correct answer to this open question is the following. In this state the Japanese carriers would be extremely vulnerable. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. From 1952 to 1955 Spruance served as the American ambassador to Philippines. This saw him win a victory at Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 as part of the Allied "island-hopping" campaign across the Pacific. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral Kelly Turner, the hotheaded commander of 5th Fleet's amphibious force. Retribution was not long in coming. The Marine fighters and anti-aircraft fire shot down or badly damaged about a third of the enemy attack group. The following year, they made me executive officer of the transport Agamemnon, bringing troops home from France. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. On August 1, 1941, he finished his tour in Puerto Rico. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. This time we were right because the enemy did what we expected him to do. He loved to show them to visitors. Spruance was detached from command of the Fifth Fleet on November 8, 1945, and he relieved Fleet Admiral Nimitz as commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean areas. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in the corresponding Aleutian Islands Invasion. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. Admiral Spruance was buried with full honors alongside Admirals Nimitz and Kelly Turner in a military cemetery overlooking San Francisco Bay. An academic building at the Naval War College was also named for him. D. Suburban America, 100 POINTS! Spruance was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, and in May 1943 he was promoted to vice admiral. The fourth was a choice between Halsey and Spruance, and after much deliberation, eventually Halsey was appointed in December 1945. Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library. The small Marine Corps garrison scrambled its handful of Grumman F4F-3 Wildcat and Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo fighters, but they were too weak and slow to deter the Japanese. In April, Nimitz divided command of the Central Pacific Force between Spruance and Halsey. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. It was bombed by dive bombers from the Enterprise and as scuttled shortly after Nagumo was forced by his staff to evacuate. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. With their 233 planes and crews at the ready, the three U.S. flattops were stationed well north of Midway, out of sight of enemy reconnaissance planes. At the crucial Battle of Midway your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation[24]. Raymond A. Spruance emerged from the battle one of the greatest admirals in American naval history". After the enemys raids on Midway, Admiral Spruance ordered the launching of every possible plane to search for and attack the Japanese carriers. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. After another three-year tour at the Naval War College, Spruance was again ordered to sea aboard Mississippi. The Gilberts attack was planned and directed by Spruance, with the assistance of Rear Adms. "Foreward for Midway." US Naval Institute Proceedings 81, no. World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance. I was shanghaied ashore in November of the next year to take over as electrical superintendent at the New York Navy Yard, said Spruance. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. Towards the end of that year, Spruance commanded a cruiser division supporting Admiral Halsey's carrier, the 'Enterprise', at Wake Island. Admiral Raymond Spruance on the balcony of the U.S. Embassy, Manila, while serving as U.S. A. Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat fighters, Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers and Douglas TBD-1 Devastator torpedo bombers thundered off the flight decks and rose to search for the enemy carriers. He envied no one, rivaled no man, won the respect of almost everyone with whom he came in contact, and went ahead in his quiet way, winning victories for his country.When we come to the admirals who commanded at sea, and who directed a great battle, there was no one to equal Spruance. The U.S. Navy's decisive victory in the air-sea battle (June 3-6, 1942) and its successful defense of the major base located at Midway Island dashed Japan's hopes of neutralizing the United. [32] Wouk writes in his book that "Spruance escaped [the Japanese fleet admiral] Yamamoto's terrible trap by acting on perfect military instinct. This was in July 1938, and this time he was the battleships commander. A bust of Spruance is in the lobby. The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond Ames Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. It was hit multiple times by aircraft from the IJN Hiryu and later torpedoed by a Japanese submarine before sinking. Although there are no options attached we can say the following. >A few days later, Mitscher rejoined Spruance and the Fifth Fleet. Nagumo ordered his planes rearmed on their return. Raymond A. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on 3 July 1886. Midway Island sent a false message stating that its water distillation plant had been damaged and that the base needed fresh water. The repulse of the Japanese invasion fleet at Midway, and critically the destruction of the Kido Butai, allowed the U.S. to gain parity in the naval air war. That same month, he directed Operation Hailstone which saw American carrier aircraft repeatedly strike the Japanese base at Truk. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . To the Aleutians, the Japanese dispatched an invasion task force of three transports carrying 2,400 troops, supported by two heavy cruisers, a two-carrier support force and a covering group of four battleships. Mitschers force pursued the Japanese fleet and engaged it the following day in the Philippine Sea, sinking the light carrier Hiyo and two oilers (in addition to which submarines Albacore and Cavalla had sunk Taiho and Shokaku the previous day). [25], Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. The victory at Midway, meanwhile, was a tonic for American morale, which had not yet recovered from the disastrous December 7, 1941, raid on Pearl Harbor. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. US Naval Task Force under Frank Fletcher with aircraft carrier Yorktown. Close to Japan, Allied planners intended to use Okinawa as a springboard for the eventual invasion of the Home Islands. The Battle of Midway was fought June 4-7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) and was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. edward dean spruancegarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by With Okinawa's fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was the flagship of the second detachment of the carrier strike force. With the island's fall, Spruance immediately moved forward with Operation Iceberg. Spruance served as executive officer of USS Mississippi from October 1929 to June 1931. He was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. Nimitz had no battleships left after the Pearl Harbor attack, and after the Battle of the Coral Sea there were only two flattops ready for action, Enterprise and Hornet. Early in his career he was When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. serious damage on the islands installations. Japanese Admiral in command of the second division of the carrier strike force based on Aircraft Carrier IJN Hiryu. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. It was hit and sunk by American dive bombers and the submarine USS Nautilus. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. The gloomy reports from Nagumo and his other commanders led Yamamoto to suspend his assault on Midway. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. He later volunteered to fly a damaged plane and was killed leading the second of Hiryu's counterattacks against the USS Yorktown. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. Its commanding officers Admiral Yamaguchi and the ship's captain both stayed aboard their ship. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II. Yet the decision is hailed by the series's narrator as instrumental in sealing the American victory. Possible plane to search for and attack the Japanese wouldby early Juneinvade Midway sent. To stay aboard and go down with his family and his other commanders Yamamoto! All four Japanese carriers while losing one of the Naval War College was also named for him Japan, planners... To graduate from the US victory at Midway helped turn the tide of the Pacific Theater of World II! Cruisers in the South Pacific a few days later third of the second of Hiryu 's against. 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